Nipah Virus scare: Know common symptoms, precautions, treatment

The deadly Nipah virus has resurfaced once again in Kerala. It is an exceptionally rare and perilous pathogen, known to be transmitted by fruit bats. Its victims often face an uphill battle for survival. As authorities in Kerala scramble to contain the new outbreak, a wide containment zone has been established around the affected area in an effort to curb its spread.

In the midst of this worrisome situation, we sought insights from Dr Subrata Das, Senior Consultant in Internal Medicine and Diabetology, to shed light on the symptoms associated with the Nipah virus and the crucial precautionary measures that everyone should be aware of.

2 things you need to know

• Nipah virus' resurgence in Kerala has created an urgent need for vigilance and awareness.
• Understanding symptoms is crucial in early detection and containment efforts.

What is the Nipah Virus?

The Nipah virus, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a recently emerged paramyxovirus, has zoonotic origins. It is notorious for causing severe, often fatal, illnesses in both animals and humans. Fruit bats, specifically the Pteropus species, are believed to be the natural reservoirs of this virulent pathogen, with humans contracting the virus through various means. These include close interaction with infected animals and their bodily fluids, consumption of contaminated food or beverages and contact with contaminated surfaces. The virus' transmission route typically involves the virus crossing from animals to humans through direct contact.

(Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoirs of this virulent pathogen | Image: Shutterstock)

Transmission and variants

Dr Das said, "Nipah virus comes from animals like bats, pigs, dogs and horses and can infect people who are in contact with them. It can cause severe and sometimes deadly sickness, but it doesn't spread as easily as COVID-19 or the flu, so it's unlikely to cause a big outbreak quickly."

The severity of Nipah virus infections varies significantly. It can spread from person to person, particularly in healthcare settings. Outbreaks can range from small-scale incidents to larger crises, and survivors may grapple with long-term health issues.

Symptoms and ensuring safety

Common symptoms of Nipah virus infection include fever, persistent headaches, respiratory problems (difficulty breathing, cough, sore throat), gastrointestinal issues (diarrhoea, vomiting), muscle pain, weakness, disorientation and seizures in severe cases. Others can experience life-threatening complications such as brain swelling (encephalitis). To stay safe, Dr Das emphasised on the importance of avoiding contact with sick animals, practising good hygiene, and understanding that there is currently no specific medication available to treat the virus.

(One can experience life-threatening complications such as brain swelling | Image: Shutterstock)

Precautions and treatment

Dr Das stressed the significance of home isolation and thorough washing of fruits and vegetables before consumption. These, she said, were key preventive measures. Regarding treatment, he stated, "Management for the Nipah virus is mainly supportive. This includes medications to reduce fever and pain, providing oxygen support for those with low oxygen levels, and using ventilators for severe cases with brain involvement, unconsciousness, and breathing difficulties. Currently, there is no specific medication available for Nipah virus infection."

As the battle against the Nipah virus continues, awareness, caution, and timely medical intervention remain crucial in combating this formidable adversary.